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Drumhead court-martial
A drumhead court-martial is a court-martial held in the field to hear urgent charges of offences committed in action. The term is said to originate from the use of a drumhead as an improvised writing table,〔Definition from (Brewer's Dictionary )〕〔(An example of an illustration from the Thirty Years War showing a drum used as a table at military executions )〕 as an altar for religious services,〔(parade and drumhead service )〕〔(Drumhead Service at Culzean Castle )〕 or a traditional gathering point for a regiment for orders or decisions.〔(Her Majesty the Queen presents the RAF with the new colour at a Drumhead service, RAF Fairford. (Photo: Cpl Scott Robertson RAF) )〕
== Origins ==
The earliest recorded usage is in an English memoir of the Peninsular War (1807).〔'Court martial, n. 1.b. drumhead court-martial', ''Oxford English Dictionary Online'' (2009), citing Sir Charles Shaw, ''Personal memoirs and correspondence, comprising a narrative of the war ... in Portugal and Spain'' (1837), II, 449.〕 The term sometimes has connotations of summary justice, with an implied lack of judicial impartiality, as noted in the transcripts of the trial at Nuremberg of Josef Bühler.〔(Transcript ) at the Nizkor project〕
According to Sir Arthur Wynne Morgan Bryant, such courts-martial have ordered lashings or hangings to punish soldiers (and their officers) who were cowardly, disobedient – or, conversely, acted rashly; and especially as a discouragement to drunkenness.〔Years of Victory (1802-1812), Arthur Bryant, 1944〕 It is also used as a reference to a kangaroo court in its derogatory form.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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